indias safest cars :: essays research papers

How often do you wake up to the news of a road accident that killed a few people in some part of the country? Almost everyday, right? Then you quickly browse through the other news and life goes on. Every year, over 80,000 people die on Indian roads; every five road accidents leave one dead. Yet, it's just a statistic, which hardly changes our apathy towards road safety. Yes, road safety is an unpleasant, boring subject, but remember, it affects us all. How safe is the car you are driving or about to buy? How does one rate safety and who does it? We have compiled some information on a handful of cars that are available across the world and are also on sale in India, and their safety features and test results. We think you have the right to know. First, a little backgrounder. By law, all cars have to be tested and have to meet certain standards to be street legal. New Car Assessment Programmes (NCAPs) are carried out by various testing agencies in the United States, Europe, Japan and Australia amongst other countries. The European NCAP carries out the most stringent crash tests, as well as pedestrian and child safety tests vis-Ã  -vis other assessment programmes. Euro NCAP is a collaboration between governmental and automotive associations and is overseen by the FIA (Federation Internationale de l'Automobile). The money for these expensive tests comes from the EU, by which the widest possible range of models can be assessed. Euro NCAP carries out frontal offset, side impact and pole test and has a simple rating system that awards stars out of five. This rating system makes it easy to interpret safety standards in cars before people go out to buy them. Over and above this, manufacturers can go ahead and carry out further tests that are not required by legislation and choose to incorporate these additional safety features. Let's then see how the cars have fared now. The Hyundai Accent GLS got an adult occupant rating of 2.5 stars and a pedestrian test rating of 2 stars. The levels of chest injury in adult occupants was exceptionally high, and hence the Accent missed out a full third star. Moreover, this car was fitted with a driver side airbag. For cars sold in Europe, side airbags come as an option. Accents are also equipped with Isofix anchorages and are electronically assisted by ABS and EBD.

Individual Health Needs Assignment

My individual health needs assignment will be looking at a task I undertook for my clinical skills assessment. For the assessment I had to take my fellow colleagues blood pressure. This assignment will be looking at the positive and negative skills I have learnt throughout practice and experience; it will also show the areas I need to work on more. My assignment will also look at the importance of respecting my colleague’s needs and preferences. The assignment will also look at the importance of gaining consent from my patient before I carry out any nursing intervention. At the beginning of the assessment I had to give a clear understanding of which I was and the scenario I will be taking part in. I felt my instructions were clear; however I could have spoken louder and slower. Before I carried out my task I washed my hands and cleaned the blood pressure equipment, by doing this I have reduced the risk of infection (Dougherty, Lister 2006). Dougherty et al states hand washing is well researched and uncontroversial having been found to be the single most important procedure for preventing nosocomial infection as hands have been shown to be an important route of infection. The DOH also states hands must be cleaned before and after any nursing intervention (cited Dougherty, Lister2006). I felt my hand washing technique was good as I followed the six hand technique which states, to wash hands correctly you initially have to wash your hands palm to palm, which I did, it also suggests you have to put your right palm over the back of your left palm and vice versa, thirdly palm to palm with bent and spread out fingers. The fourth step of this technique is to wash the outer parts of your bent fingers, fifthly circular rubbing of left thumb in closed right hand which I feel I did not do correctly, and finally is circular rubbing backwards and forwards with closed right hand fingertips in left palm and vice versa ( cited Braun Medical LTD). Although hand washing was good there are still areas for improvement, therefore I will continue to improve this technique by researching more about handwashing,as it is an important technique to get right and it helps stop the spread of infection. I also introduced myself to my colleague by given my name, and what I was going to do. By doing this it would have made my colleague feel comfortable with the procedure. Although I communicated to my colleague I feel I could have spoken to my colleague more, I also feel my non-verbal communication could have been better as I found it hard to look at my colleague. During the scenario I was maintaining a safe environment by ensuring my colleague was sat comfortable, and by placing a pillow under their arm. I also made sure there was a table near my colleague which I could all my equipment on, so she could identify what I was doing. I also made sure I was sitting comfortably and the table was reach of me without me stretching out to get my equipment (Roper et al 2004). I feel the scenario went well, although I could have read more about hand washing, although the technique was good, I could improve this more to stop the spread of infection. I feel my interaction with my colleague throughout the scenario was poor as I did not communicate enough, a and I could of been reassuring my colleague more. After completing the scenario I cleaned the equipment down and disposed of any waste in the correct way To conlude this assignment I have learnt alot by participating in this assessment. I ahve learnt alot about myself and the ares in which I need to improve on. I have also realised the importance of gaining my colleagues consent befor carrying out any mursing intervention. The assessment has also taught me the importance of maintaining my colleagues dignity and respect at all times, and that is more important to treat them as individuals. I since come away from the assessment aware of my mistakes and that I need to improve on my handwashing techniques. I feel the overall assessment was good as I have gained alot my knowledge about the correct a procedure should be undertaken. I have also learnt that it is important as health professionals we ensure our patients/clients are comfortable at all times.

Instrumental Conditioning

When one hears the term instrumental (operant) conditioning they tend to immediately think of the â€Å"Skinner-Box†. Skinner conducted classic experiments where he trained rats and pigeons to press a lever in order to obtain a food reward. The experimenter would choose a suited output to pair it with a consequence. After a training period, the animals would show the behavior (BH, e.g. pressing the lever) even in absence of any reward, if the BH-US association had been memorized. Instrumental conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that it operates on the environment and refers to the modification of voluntary behavior. For the purposes of this paper I will evaluate the application of instrumental conditioning to learning how to use the toilet (potty-training). I will describe the process of potty-training, and compare and contrast the concepts of positive and negative reinforcement as they relate to potty-training. I will explain the role of reward and punishment in potty-training as well as explain which form of instrumental conditioning would be most effective in potty-training. What is Instrumental Conditioning? â€Å"Instrumental conditioning is a process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments. It is also the name for the paradigm in experimental psychology by which such learning and action selection processes are studied† (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). All behavior is guided by consequences. Dogs beg/perform tricks for treats; politicians study poll results in order to steer the directions of their campaigns. Instrumental conditioning similarly is goal-oriented behavior. The selecting consequences that guide operant conditioning are of two kinds: behavior-enhancing (reinforcers) and behavior-suppressing (punishers). The most important factor in instrumental conditioning is the consequence of the response. â€Å"Responding often seems to be under exquisite control of the reinforcement conditions: Larger and tastier rewards provoke more vigorous response, delayed rewards weaken responding, and satiation of drive leads to a reduction in responding† (Terry, 2009). This consequence takes place because of an arranged contingency (relationship) between the occurrence of the response and the delivery of the reinforcer. The response is â€Å"instrumental† in acquiring the reinforcer, which is the reason this type of conditioning is referred to as instrumental conditioning. The response in turn â€Å"operates† on the environment causing a kind of change which is why it is also known as operant conditioning. Instrumental Conditioning and Potty-Training The Process of Potty-Training. Potty-training—the process of training a young child to use the toilet. Children typically begin to exhibit signs of readiness between the ages of 12 to 18 months and the process is usually fully completed by the time the child reaches 4 years old. Generally it takes longer to learn to stay dry during the night, however most children have mastered this by age 4. Cultural factors also play a role in determining the appropriate age of readiness for potty-training, with Americans usually beginning training later than other cultures (Paul, 2008). Potty-training is a mutual activity requiring cooperation, understanding and agreement between the child and the caregiver. The best methods emphasize consistency and positive reinforcement (over punishment) in order to make it a pleasant experience for the child. Research suggests that around 18 months old is the ideal time to start training due to the child's eagerness to please his/her parents. Positive and Negative Reinforcement. Positive reinforcement refers to the presence of a response-to-reinforcer relationship. â€Å"In positive reinforcement, the reinforcer is contingent on performance of the instrumental response† (Terry, 2009). Each action is followed by an outcome or consequence. Negative reinforcement involves particular behaviors being strengthened (increased) by the consequence of stopping or avoiding a negative condition. It is often confused with punishment, but they are very different. Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior whereas punishment weakens (decreases) behavior because a negative condition is introduced as a consequence of the behavior. For example, driving in rush hour traffic is a negative condition for most people. One day they decide to leave home a little earlier, and avoid running into the heavy traffic. They leave home at the same time the next day and again avoid heavy traffic. Their behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic. Positive and Negative Reinforcement as they Relate to Potty-Training. According to Terry (2009) when teaching our children we most often tell them the rules between behaviors and consequences. In some instances the contingencies are simply left for the subject (child) to discover on his/her own. In potty-training, the child must discover what response is necessary to stay dry and receive a reward. Positive reinforcement is the basic practice of rewarding a child for displaying a desired behavior, such as using the potty. The most successful method is to find what your particular child likes most of all, which for the majority of children is either a treat or a toy. When your child acts as desired you use positive reinforcement by rewarding him or her with this highly preferred item as close to the behavior as possible. Add in praise and positive reinforcement has been achieved. The main reason positive reinforcement works so well for potty-training is the way in which a child learns– through association. In contrast, children are not in a rush to move from diapers to using the potty on their own. New behaviors are seldom if ever, accomplished perfectly the first few times. During this time there will be mistakes. That is what learning is all about. When negative reinforcement is used for mistakes then the child learns that new growth experiences should be avoided at all costs, no matter what the new growth opportunity is. Negative reinforcement will likely cause negative outcomes not only in potty training, but in the way the child grasps future experiences. The Role of Reward and Punishment in Potty-Training Rewards. There are many different types of rewards that can be used to motivate toddlers to potty-train. What is most important is that the reward be given immediately following any successful attempt to use a potty. The best rewards are verbal praise, however some may wish to use a small treat as a reward. Positively responding to the child's achievement shows the child that you approve and support them. Positive attention increases the chance of the child repeating the behavior. Rewards and verbal praise should be easy, quick, and inexpensive. Rewards should be given immediately, are not used in place of praise (social reinforcement), used specially for potty-training and not made available any other time, given for the tasks the child can already manage. As the child is managing new skills, praise should be continued and other types of rewards gradually reduced. Punishments. Punishment should not be used if a child has an accident. Some children become upset and frustrated while potty-training so it may help to use clever phrases like â€Å"That silly pee pee just wouldn't wait for the potty, let's see if we can catch it the next time†. Caregivers should remain calm and relaxed rather than punitive when potty-training because it is supposed to be a fun and educational experience. In my own quest to potty-train my children, I have found positive reinforcement to be the most effective training method. The times I got upset and showed anger in response to accidents only served to frighten them and discourage them from trying again. The Most Effective Form of Instrumental Conditioning in Potty-Training In my opinion, the most effective form of instrumental conditioning in potty-training is the use of positive reinforcement so that the child learns to generalize his/her behavior across situations. Positive reinforcement gives the child the courage and confidence s/he needs to be able to use the potty not only in the home/caregiver setting, but in other places as well, thus generalizing his/her behavior. â€Å"The potential strengthening effects of a reinforcer are usually confounded with its reward or incentive effects, both of which lead to improved performance† (Terry, 2009). In other words, the more positive and frequent the praise (and other rewards), the more likely the child is to repeat the desired behavior. Conclusion Instrumental conditioning is dependent on people to act upon their environment and their behavior is subsequently shaped by the response their behavior solicits. Those responses that evoke an increased state of satisfaction are generally repeated as opposed to responses that render a person dissatisfied are likely to decrease. A vital factor in instrumental conditioning is the concept of positive and negative reinforcement. In potty-training a child, the use of positive reinforcement is the most highly effective form of motivation as it increases the likelihood of them repeating desired behavior. In closing, I have evaluated the application of instrumental conditioning to learning how to use the toilet (potty-training). I have described the process of potty-training, and compared and contrasted the concepts of positive and negative reinforcement as they relate to potty-training. I have explained the role of reward and punishment in potty-training as well as explained which form of instrumental conditioning would be most effective in potty-training.

Financial Policy Definition

Amartuul Turbat Professor Fillenwarth Financial Policy 11 March 2011 The Definitions Question 1-2; (1-1. a. b. ) Proprietorship: is the entity owned by an individual who is only founder and manager of the company. Even though it does not pay tax for located states, proprietorship’s profits or loses reports on its owners’ annual tax reports. Despite the fact that proprietorship is easy to form and has seldom government regulations, its term of operation is directly depending on its founder life time (Ehrhardt and Brigham 5). In addition on proprietorship, a partnership is more flexible type which is a business relationship between several individuals who are similar desires to obtain the profits from the partnership’s operation. Typically, partnership classified general and limited based on its contract regulation. Despite the fact that in general partnership-general members responsible to pay company’s loss by their own assets, in limited partnership members-limited members can lose the amount of money which they invested in the partnership. Furthermore, likewise limited members responsible for limited part of the partnership, they have limited right to participate or control the company’s management. Even though at least one person should be a general member of the partnership, all members can be partner whose potential losses are limited by their amount of investment. This type of company is called Limited Liability Company (Ehrhardt and Brigham 6). Finally, company organized as a corporation when business enlarged and it is difficult to manage it by structure of partnership or proprietorship. Corporation works under the located state law and operates independently from managers. Due to this separation, corporation has â€Å"unlimited life of existence, easy transferability of ownership interest, and limited liability losses† (Ehrhardt and Brigham 24). Question 1-1 (C) Stock holder Wealth Maximization: is the main goal of the corporation since it is the best way of successful operation in long-term business. Derivatives: is the special type of securities because its value and right are depending on prices of another assets or operation. D; E) – Corporations can sell its stock in the private markets or the public markets. Unlike the private market in which trade is made in between two sides, in the public market, numerous people participate in the trades. In order to be an owner of the corporations, investors can buy the company’s stock from the â€Å"primary markets† in which companies sell their IPO (Initial Public offering) or from the â€Å" secondary market† in which IPO owners sell their stocks for other investors. Also, there are some other financial markets exist such as money markets and capital markets. Main difference between those two markets is â€Å"liquidation† of the securities (Ehrhardt and Brigham 23). For example, in spite the fact that short-term highly liquid debts trade in the money market and long-term stocks and debt maturing trade in the capital markets. (F) Investment Bank: is a financial institution which encourages the company to create stocks into the markets, and it is the assistant of the companies when they merging with each other (Ehrhardt and Brigham 23). Financial Service Corporations: are the organizations which involved with money management such as banks, credit card companies, and insurance companies (Ehrhardt and Brigham 24). Financial Intermediaries: are the unions which involved finding the surplus money from one side and then allocating it to deficit sides (Ehrhardt and Brigham 30). (G) Mutual Funds: are the organizations that collect money from numerous investors and then put it to buy financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, short and long-term money instruments. Money Market Fund: is the one type of mutual fund which invests in securities with short-term, low risk, and more safety conditions (Ehrhardt and Brigham 29). (H) Physical Location exchanges: is a physical financial market in which brokers and dealer participate in trade of stock, bonds, notes and mortgages. Computer/ Telephone Network: Invertors can participate in trades by computer/ telephone network without requiring members to be in the same building. (I) Open Outcry Auction: is a trading process of selling and buying stocks by offering bids and then sell it higher prices. In other words it is the mechanism of the trades. Dealer markets: is different from the auction since in which brokers acting a main role of the trading process, and they ask and quote the prices in order to match the seller or buyer with their prices (Ehrhardt and Brigham 30). Electronic communication network: is the automatic system which helps for members to match their bid to another buyer or seller. It provides people in any every counties opportunity to participate in trading by using internet (Ehrhardt and Brigham 30). J) Production opportunities: is the possibility to convert a capital into profits. Because production opportunities affect the returned earnings of the investment, financiers consider it when they determining the cost of money (Ehrhardt and Brigham 21). Time references for consumption: is the tendency of the use of money in present and future. In spite the fact that in China people tend to save their money for future, Mongolian people prefer to use their money p resents (Ehrhardt and Brigham 20). (K) Foreign trade deficit: is the one of the economic condition which affects the cost of money. For example, if American foreign trade getting slows, its reserve of the money become decreasing, so it can be influence cost of the investment. It means American buy more than they sell (Ehrhardt and Brigham 19). Question 1-3 Intrinsic value is the true value of the organizations which based on real position of market share, company’s assets, and perception of the future. This value can be same as market value if factors are same in the estimation process. On the other hand, intrinsic value may be different from market value depending on information used in evaluation. For example, if management hides negative information, market value might be higher than intrinsic values (Ehrhardt and Brigham 9). Question 1-4 Edmund Enterprises recently made a large investment to upgrade its technology. Even though this investment cannot improve the income in short-term, it can reduce the production cost. Therefore, in short-term investment cost will increase in the â€Å"Income Statement† because of the new investment; as a result profits will decrease and company’s earnings per share will decrease. However, in the financial markets, this news affects positively on stock’s market price. Also, this investment can raise the company’s intrinsic value since it can reduce the production costs (Ehrhardt and Brigham 30). Question 1-5 Capital can be transferred by the direct and indirect ways. In direct ways only two sides participate. Savers can make investment direct into business, and business sells their securities to savers without other parties. On the other hand, investment bank or financial intermediaries can participate effectively in transfers of capital. For example, person who has surplus money invest in business by using investment bank or financial intermediaries, and companies can get investment by collaborating with those third parties (Ehrhardt and Brigham 14). Question 1-6 Financial intermediaries such as commercial banks, financial service companies play a crucial role of the economic system. Banks allocate efficiently financial fund, and they offer financial services that can make easy to obtaining information for both savers and borrowers (Levine 690). Question 1-7 An initial public offering (IPO) is a  primary market transaction. Typically, the company sells the IPO to other  institutional investors, so the general public has no access to the IPO initially. After certain institutions get the stocks, they may sell them into the secondary market where all investors can buy them (Ehrhardt and Brigham 28). Question 1-8 Stock market is a securities market where bond, stock and other securities trading in guided by the professional stockbrokers. On the other hand, in dealer markets, transactions makes based on person who acting as dealers for his own accounts rather than brokers acting as dealer for his buying and selling processes (Buiter). Question 1-9 Two leading stock markets are â€Å"New York Stock Exchange† (NYSE) and â€Å"Nasdaq Stock Exchange† (NASDAQ). NYSE is considered largest stock market in the world and companies’ market capitalization which are listed at NYSE are US$13. 39 trillion in end of 2010. Also, NASDAQ is the largest electronic screen trading in the United States, and second largest stock market by market capitalization of listed companies (Buiter para. ). Works Cited Brigham, Eugene F. , and Michael C. Ehrhardt. Financial Management Theory and Practice. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Buiter, Willem H. â€Å"Time Preference and International Lending and Borrowing in an Overlapping-Generations Model. †Ã‚  The Journal of Political Economy  89. 4 (1989): 769+. Google Scholars. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. Levine, Ross. â€Å"Financial Development and Economic Growth. †Ã‚  Journal of Economic Literature(1999): 688-729. Web. 02 Mar. 2011.

If I Were a Boy Essay

The artist Beyonce has a fantastic music video, directed by Jake Nava. He is best known for his Anti-gun campaign music video; he also attended University of Westminister. It is about a girl who put herself in a guys shoes. This particular song portrays an R&B genre. Beyoncà © is shown as a female police officer arresting a grown, black male who looks to be from an impoverished area. This often times suggests R&B; however, both Beyoncà © and the male featured in the video appear to be clean cut and well presented. They also show the couple’s nice apartment, and the guy is shown giving Beyoncà © an expensive-looking pair of earrings. Based on this information, one can assume that this music is not R&B, it’s pop. The purpose of this video was to highlight the misunderstanding between genders. The theme of role reversal was used. Beyoncà © was shown in the shoes of a man. She treated her man the way your stereotypical male would treat a female. Men don’t take the time to sit down and eat breakfast together, as shown in the video; they tend to worry more about work, alcohol and other women. Beyoncà © illustrates the feeling of men coming and going, always assuming that when they do in fact come home their girl will be right there waiting for them. She proves that point wrong when she says â€Å"you lose the one you wanted because you’ve taken her for granted†. A person can only take so much before they decide to walk away. Aside from what had previously been mentioned it is noted that there is a very strong relationship between the lyrics and the visual. The way Beyoncà © acts towards her man in the video is much the same as she describes it through her words. She shows distance and selfishness. She puts herself first, which is what she feels most guys do. This video portrays their closeness, but also her reluctance  to be treated poorly. At this point, viewers are able to sense her. confusion: she seems tired of the situation, tired of her man constantly coming and going. It almost seems as if its time for her to make a decision, judgment day. The roles are suddenly flipped and everything begins to make sense. However, if you pay close attention you also begin to realize that the record company is trying to do multiple things with this song. You can tell that the record company is not only trying to sell the track but the artist as well. A vast majority of Beyoncà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s songs have leaned more towards the R&B genre, all songs that could be played at a party and cause a live atmosphere whereas this song is deeper and more heartfelt. This song is looking to grab peoples attention in a different way, she wants people to relate. The record company tries to sell her as a diverse artist, and was trying to prove that she is capable of executing multiple forms of music. Overall, this song is about a female who feels as if men have it easier, almost like they can sa y and do things that woman cannot do within a  relationship without facing consequences. Beyoncà © feels a man wouldn’t stick around if they were treated like a female. They wouldn’t have the patience nor would they continue to make an effort. This song/video combo was well executed and served a clear purpose. Some women feel a man’s position is easier to fulfill, but who is to say that some men don’t feel that way about women? It would be very interesting to see a male version of this music video.

Use of descriptive statistics in my job as HR professional Assignment

Use of descriptive statistics in my job as HR professional - Assignment Example Human Resource is a broad area in business that looks into the strategies used in recruiting, training, remunerating and firing employees. As a result, a lot of data is maintained by HR departments in several organizations in forms such as charts, graphs and other data. In the line of my job, I make use of several statistical methods in preparation of reports, training and analysis of human resource issues. During my stint as the head of recruitment, I undertook several recruitment drives as well as teaching staff on the prudent means of undertaking their duties. In such scenarios I made use of charts, to highlight the successes and failures that were encountered by various employees during the implementation of their tasks. Data mining is a delicate skill that is required and utilized in the human resources sector. As a result, as an HR practitioner I made use of graphs to represent different sets of data used in the training procedure. Moreover, I made use of different data sets in the planning process especially as the head of training at the KIOS Company. The training department made use of huge sets of data that required analysis and preparation for the information to be disseminated to employees. Management of HR data is quite challenging and thus we had to make use of different statistical methods and software. Software such as SPSS which is suitable for data analysis was deployed while graphs, line and bar charts were used in display of data. This essay is going to reflect on the different statistical tools that I employ in undertaking my duties.

The Real Meaning of the Type of Animal Caregiving Research Paper

The Real Meaning of the Type of Animal Caregiving - Research Paper Example Animal rights advocates have been campaigning for the proper treatment and care of every being other than man. One of the most popular advocacies is the crusade against the use of fur as a wardrobe that well-known fashion models have been supporting. It is also known all over that dog-fighting is highly discouraged. There are a lot of animal rights to enumerate. But as people become aware of the animals’ privileges are they also conscious of proper veterinary care for these beings? Veterinary care is sort of mind, not just the animals’ welfare, but their health in particular. Understanding the term and its etymology will help us understand the real meaning of this type of animal caregiving. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (â€Å"Veterinary†) states that the term veterinary derives from a Latin word veterinarians that pertains to beasts of burden. It is similar to the Latin veter- and fetus that is related to the practice or the knowledge in â€Å"prevention, c ure, or alleviation of disease and injury in animals, especially domestic animals.† The people who practice such skill and knowledge are called veterinarians. They also carry the title of â€Å"doctor.† But veterinarians are often regarded with lesser professional esteem compared to the physicians of human beings. Hence, few have developed an interest in this field. But why is veterinary care important? Apart from rabies, there are already a number of deadly animal diseases known to the world, one of which is avian influenza. These diseases can also be fatal when transmitted to humans.